LAS VEGAS – Just off the graveyard shift, Aaron Starks refuels with coffee in the early-morning quiet of the student union at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, steeling himself for his classes in electrical engineering.
Starks, who is 27 and raising a 19-month-old daughter, is in his third year at UNLV, persevering in the face of not only sleeplessness but deep state budget cuts that have forced courses to be canceled, programs eliminated, faculty furloughed and services exasperatingly scaled back – all while tuition has soared.
Many other students in Nevada, however, are giving up. In this world-famous gaming capital, the odds are stacked against them. Just 36 percent earn their four-year degrees within six years, a smaller proportion than in any state except Alaska. And as tuition rises, enrollment has been falling. That, accompanied by an exodus of college-educated workers, has further shrunk the proportion of 25- to 34-year-olds in this state with degrees, already the lowest in the country.
When Starks is finished, he intends to leave, too.
“I don’t anticipate staying in Nevada,” he says. “If I find the right job, sure. But what I would like to do isn’t here.”
A poster child for the financial predicament in which public colleges and universities find themselves – and the degree to which education is connected to economic vitality in 21st-century America – Nevada is now proposing a dramatic turnaround under which it hopes this same battered public higher-education system will help lead it out of economic crisis.
By changing the formula [PDF] under which colleges and universities are funded, policymakers plan to reward institutions for turning out graduates and research that can build new industries in a state that has proven far too vulnerable to downturns in the dominant areas of gaming and construction.
A Brookings Institution report last year found Nevada overly dependent on a consumption economy acutely prone to booms and busts, with “substantial” shortages of skilled workers and too little investment in innovation. Six of the top 10 employers are casinos.
As in other places, lawmakers in Nevada have now come to see higher education as a solution to these problems. And with the nation’s worst unemployment and home foreclosure rates, it’s an ideal laboratory to test this idea.
“The economy has swung more from the top to the bottom here in Nevada than in any other state,” says Steve Hill, executive director of the Governor’s Office of Economic Development. “And we think it’s important that education and research help lead Nevada back.”
State Sen. Steven Horsford, a Democrat who headed the committee that recommended the new funding formula, puts it more succinctly. “We have nowhere to go but up,” he says.
If approved by the full legislature and the governor, the change would mean that all taxpayer money for colleges and universities would be divided up beginning next year based not on how many students they enroll, but how many credits those students successfully complete.
“We want to fund institutions based on student success,” Horsford says.
The plan would also provide financial incentives for universities to concentrate on fields that could help revive Nevada’s economy, including natural resources and conservation, engineering, biological and biomedical sciences, architecture and nursing.
“The performance part is to drive decision-making toward what’s important to the state,” says Assemblywoman Heidi Gansert, a Republican on Horsford’s committee. Adds Daniel Klaich, chancellor of the Nevada System of Higher Education: “We need to incentivize our institutions to produce degrees with value.”
That’s distinct among the several states that have instituted so-called “performance funding” for their public colleges and universities, says Martha Snyder, an education policy specialist at HCM Strategists and a former U.S. Department of Education policy adviser who specializes in this topic.
“There’s an increasing understanding by leaders that higher education is an important tool, but that there need to be readjustments within higher education systems to help states meet their economic goals,” Snyder says. “They want to be sure that their investments are driving toward what their states need in terms of helping their economies grow. The Nevada approach is the first to tie that to specific industries.”
But while the plan would alter the way existing money is parceled out, it won’t necessarily add any new funding. Since the state collects no personal or corporate income tax, and sales taxes are only incrementally recovering from the economic downturn, there’s little chance that higher education spending will soon increase.
Many Nevada university administrators and faculty are in favor of the change regardless, because, among other reasons, it gives them more control over the proceeds from tuition, which now go into a central fund and are redistributed around the state – meaning students at large urban institutions end up subsidizing their counterparts at small, rural ones. But the irony is not lost on them that they’re being asked to come to the rescue of the same leaders who have deeply reduced their budgets.
“ ‘We’ve cut the heck out of you, but, oh, guess what? Now we really need you to be the engine of the economy,’ ” says Neal Smatresk, president of UNLV, where funding is down 40 percent, or more than $73 million, since 2008, forcing the elimination of 740 faculty and staff positions, 15 academic departments and 31 degree programs. “ ‘Quick, help us build a new economy.’ There’s a little irony here, or maybe a big irony, which is that no one seems to have any long-term memory.”
The tension between wanting more from higher education while paying less for it is not unique to his state, Smatresk says. It’s a national phenomenon. “There’s no question that policy leaders are looking to higher education to lead the way out. There’s a tacit understanding that higher education is absolutely critical.”
In the case of Nevada, the state needs new and different industries, and “the honeypot that draws in those industries is people who can help them with their R&D,” says Smatresk. “The other piece they need is the workforce, so they need to know we have the capacity to generate those people for them.”
Nevada’s worst-in-the-nation plight means the role played by its colleges and universities is particularly challenging – and crucial – making it, as Smatresk says, “the canary in the mine shaft of higher education.”
That canary, in Nevada, is already in intensive care. The state has never made higher education much of a priority. On the wall of his office, Smatresk has photos of the few buildings on the original UNLV campus of the early 1960s, then an outpost in the desert derided as “Tumbleweed Tech.” Recent cuts have made things worse.
Fewer than two of every five UNLV students earn bachelor’s degrees within six years, according to the National Center for Higher Education Management Systems. And 10.8 percent of full-time community-college students in Nevada get their two-year degrees in three years, the organization Complete College America reports.
When nearly 60 percent of jobs will require a career certificate or college education by 2020, the Census Bureau reports that 27.5 percent of 25- to 34-year-olds in Nevada have one – the lowest proportion in the country, and falling. Yet as tuition has increased 160 percent over the past 10 years to help make up for state budget cuts, enrollment in the state’s public universities has dropped sharply. Last year, the number of students was down 7.7 percent statewide.
Meanwhile, many college-educated people left when the economic downturn hit Nevada hard. And soon-to-be graduates like Starks see little incentive to stay, with 53.6 percent of degree-holders younger than 25 unemployed or underemployed, according to a recent analysis by Northeastern and Drexel universities and the Economic Policy Institute.
“No student in his right mind would stay in a Nevada with a 53 percent unemployment rate for grads,” says Mark Ciavola, undergraduate student body president at UNLV. Yet when educated people leave, so do the prospects for the kind of innovation that could bring new industries and create jobs. “It’s a chicken-or-the-egg scenario,” Ciavola says. “This is a circular cluster we’re sitting in right now.”
The new performance-funding proposal seeks to use the universities to break this cycle.
“There are those of us who believe we cannot diversify the economy into the economy of the future without a more robust public higher education system that not only invests more over time, but aligns itself in the right way with the jobs we’re trying to create,” Horsford says.
Still, a “knowledge fund” set up by the Legislature to encourage research that can be commercialized has no money in it; the state board of regents has asked for $10 million for this purpose – a tiny sum when compared to similar efforts in states including neighboring Utah, whose Utah Science Technology and Research initiative, or USTAR, got $179 million, plus $15 million in ongoing annual funding for research teams at the University of Utah and Utah State University, and $160 million toward the construction of $200 million in new research facilities at those schools.
Some faculty also worry that, in their desire to meet the new state goals, colleges and universities will simply make it easier for students to complete their courses.
Smatresk disagrees. “Tell a faculty member they have to cheapen their degrees and see how they respond,” he says. “You don’t game degrees.”
“Bull,” responds Sondra Cosgrove, former faculty senate chairwoman at the College of Southern Nevada, who teaches Nevada history. Although she says she wouldn’t lower her own standards, Cosgrove fears that other long-suffering faculty might.
“We haven’t had pay raises in four years,” she says. “If you say, ‘You still don’t get a raise unless we improve student success,’ there are a lot of things faculty will do. When people are facing foreclosures on their houses, there are a lot of things they’ll do.”
Besides, she says, for all of the anticipation about it, the performance-funding plan won’t pump more money into public higher education (though her own college will benefit, to the tune of several million dollars, from the new distribution formula).
“We’re not talking about extra funding,” Cosgrove says. “We’re talking about base funding. We have to compete now for the money we already get.”
This story was produced by The Hechinger Report, a nonprofit, nonpartisan education-news outlet based at Teachers College, Columbia University.
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